Footnotes

** *PRIMARY SOURCE IN A SECONDARY SOURCE: **

 * Primary Source Document within a secondary source Foot** **note** **:**

C. F. Carlsson, “Letter to Dalarna,” Feb. 1880, //Westward Expansion//, ed. James D. Torr (Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2003) 55-57. Original Author, Name of Primary Source, Date, Title of Secondary Source, Author/Editor (City:State of publisher: Publisher, Year) Page(s).

Carlsson, C. F. “Letter to Dalarna.” Feb. 1880. //Westward Expansion//. Ed. James D. Torr. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2003. 55-57.
 * Primary Source Document within a secondary source** **Bibliography** **:**

**III. World Wide Web Sites**
9 Thomas Daccord, //Best of History Web Sites//, Sept. 2006, The Center for Teaching History with Technology, 2 Nov. 2006 . Author (first and last name), Article title, Date published, Year published, Sponsor/Host of website, Date accessed and URL (just the home page).
 * Website with Author Foot** **note** **:**

Daccord, Thomas. //Best of History Web Sites//. Sept. 2006. The Center for Teaching History with Technology. 2 Nov. 2006 .
 * Website with Author** **Bibliography** **:**

10 //The History Channel Online//, 2006, History Channel, 2 Nov. 2006 . Article title, Date published, Year published, Sponsor/Host of website, Date accessed and URL (just the home page).
 * Website, No Author Listed Foot** **note** **:**

//The History Channel Online//. 2006. History Channel. 2 Nov. 2006 .
 * Website, No Author Listed** **Bibliography** **:**

Footnotes are used to cite information that you have acquired from one of your sources.

If the information is a **direct quote** or text that is **borrowed** from one of your sources you must give the original author credit.

Failure to do so is the same as stealing - **plagiarism**

Footnotes in Modern Language Association (MLA) format are indicated by consecutively-numbered superscript Arabic numbers in the main text after the punctuation of the phrase or clause the note refers to:
 * Numbering Endnotes and Footnotes **

Some have argued that such an investigation would be fruitless.**6**

Scholars have argued for years that this claim has no basis,**7** so we would do well to ignore it.

The first time you have a citation to a particular source, the note at the end of the paper must include the following information in the following order: Author’s first name then last name, Title of Book (City of publication: Publishing company’s name, Date of Publication), Page Number of quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material.

You have written this sentence: According to Eastman, "The family was the central core of the Chinese social system."**1**
 * Example: **

At the end of the paper (in the space set aside for this note by your word-processing software), you would put the following information in the following order:

1Lloyd E. Eastman, Family, Field, and Ancestors: Constancy and Change in China's Social and Economic History, 1550-1949 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 53.

= **What if I cite the same source again in my paper?** = If you cite the same source again in you paper, use a short form for all subsequent citations to that source: Author's last name, First Words of Book Title, page number. OR Author's last name, page number. Example: You have already cited the Eastman, but then you cite it again in note #3: 3Eastman, Family, Field, and Ancestors, 54. or 3Eastman, 54.

To insert footnotes in your document, follow these steps:
 * Add footnotes to a Google document **

In the place you want to insert a footnote, click the Insert menu and select Footnote. Type your footnote in the text box that appears in the document margin. When you're finished, click inside the main document. Within the document the footnote marker will appear as a pound sign (#). When you export or print your document, the pound sign will be replaced by the correct number for each footnote. Footnotes appear in the document margin on your screen, and at the bottom of the page when printed. If you'd like to see how the footnotes will look when printed, go to the File menu, and select Print. Or, you can go to the File menu, and select Download file as... > PDF. You can drag and drop a footnote anywhere you'd like in the document by simply clicking on this pound sign and dragging.

To delete a footnote, click the trashcan icon in the top right corner of the footnote.

When you download a document as a PDF, footnotes appear at the bottom of the page (as when printed from Google Docs). When you download a document as a Microsoft Word, OpenOffice, RTF or HTML file, footnotes are displayed as endnotes. This means that they appear at the end of your document, rather than at the bottom of the page.


 * MLA Handbook **